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Sabtu, 26 Agustus 2017

How Important Is Vitamin B In The Treatment Of Nerve Damage


Today's post  from cidpneuropathysupport.com (see link below) looks at the role of Vitamin B in both the prevention of and treatment of neuropathy. This article looks at it from the inflammatory neuropathy angle but it can be argued that all neuropathy is inflammatory by nature. The nerves become inflamed and/or damaged through inflammation and a vitamin B deficiency is often seen as contributing to that. That said, you need to be tested by your doctor to establish a deficiency before embarking on vast amounts of supplements. For neuropathy patients with a normal Vitamin B level, there'll be enough extra in your daily multivitamin. There are also different forms of vitamin B and excessive amounts can bring about side-effects - best discuss it with your doctor.


CIDP Type Neuropathy and Vitamin B
Author: Shiraz Abbas
May 27, 2017

Studies are now suggesting that vitamin B may have an important role in healing or easing the pain of peripheral neuropathy and CIDP type of neuropathy in particular.

Peripheral neuropathy is a disorder of the peripheral nerves. It is often characterized by weakness of limbs, numbness and pain. CIDP type neuropathy is a form of neuropathy in which there is a progressive and gradual destruction of the nerves through inflammation.

The vitamin B family of vitamins (also known as B complex vitamins) are critical for the proper functioning of the human body. They play a role in our immune system, energy, and red blood cell formation. Vitamin B12 is particularly important for neurological health and is a vitamin of choice to help treat neuropathy.

Vitamin B is commonly used to treat neuropathy. According to one study, people given high doses of vitamin B for four weeks had their pain reduced and saw improvement in their vibration perception threshold (VPT), that is, a testing that is used to measure large nerve fiber function in the body. People with lesser doses in a 8 week span saw lesser improvement.

Deficiency in B vitamins may lead to neurological problems. B12 in particular is important for the development of the central and peripheral nervous system. It has a critical role in maintaining the myelin sheath which ensures the transmission of nerve signals in the central and peripheral nervous system.

In neuropathy, especially CIDP type neuropathy, the signals between the spinal cord and other parts of the body are disrupted. With CIDP in particular, the myelin sheath is gradually but progressively damaged through inflammation and hence leading to an impairment of the transmission of nerve signals. This process of demyelination leads to axonal destruction. The disease is thus characterized by the following symptoms: weakness of the limbs, numbness, tingling sensation and pain. Loss of sensation and activity also happens depending on where the damage is occurring.

As B vitamins, particularly vitamin B12 play a role in maintaining a healthy peripheral nervous system, the vitamin may also play a role in the reconstruction of the nerves and more particularly the myelin sheath and hence helping the reduction of pain and improving sensation.

Some people with neuropathy may not be able to absorb vitamin B12 due to the loss of the “intrinsic factor” that is produced in the stomach and hence the loss of ability to absorb B12 through the digestive tract. In these cases like these, B12 may be injected into the body. Please check with your doctor if you have digestion problems with it comes to B12.

For those who can absorb it through the digestive tract, the following foods are high in B12 in addition to B12 supplements:


Beef Liver (71 mcg for a three-ounce serving, provides 2951% of the daily recommended intake).
Mackerel (16 mcg for a three-ounce serving, provides 661% of the daily recommended intake).
Sardines (8 mcg for a three-ounce serving, provides 333% of the daily recommended intake).
Read Meat (5 mcg for a three-ounce serving, provides 208% of the daily recommended intake).
Salmon (4 mcg for a three-ounce serving, provides 167% of the daily recommended intake).


Shiraz Abbas is the founder and manager of the CIDP Neuropathy Support Group. He is also one of the main community educators of IVIG therapy. He resides in Fresno, California. Shiraz can be contacted through our free CIDP advice service at 1-855-782-0574.

http://cidpneuropathysupport.com/cidp-neuropathy-and-vitamin-b/

Kamis, 24 Agustus 2017

A NEW QUALITY CONTROL PATHWAY IN THE CELL



Proteins are important building blocks in our cells and each cell contains millions of different protein molecules. They are involved in everything from structural to regulatory aspects in the cell. Proteins are constructed as linear molecules but they only become functional once they are folded into specific three-dimensional structures. Several factors, like mutations, stress and age, can interfere with this folding process and induce protein misfolding. Accumulated misfolded proteins are toxic and to prevent this, cells have developed quality control systems just like any other production chain or manufacturing process

A team of researchers at the Centre for Genomic Regulation in Barcelona has just published a paper inScience describing a new quality control system in our cells. It is specific to the inner nuclear membrane, a specialised part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a network of membranes that spreads throughout the cell and which also forms the nuclear envelope that wraps the chromosomes.
Other quality control systems have been described but exactly how misfolded proteins in the inner nuclear membrane were degraded was not known. Ombretta Foresti, Victoria Rodríguez-Vaello and Pedro Carvalho, from the Organelle Biogenesis and Homeostasis laboratory at the CRG have just described the new system. "We have found that this quality control system has two key functions. It gets rid of misfolded proteins and, surprisingly, it also helps prevent the nucleus accumulating proteins that should not be there," explains Pedro Carvalho, principal investigator of this paper.
The studies have been conducted using a unicellular model organism (Baker's yeast) but they may also apply to human physiology. The newly identified quality control system protects the nucleus by targeting foreign proteins that could enter the nucleus by mistake. This could be particularly significant in non-dividing cells where the inner nuclear membrane is isolated from the rest of the ER for long periods of time
These findings have been made possible thanks to funding from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and MCCIN at the CRG in Barcelona.




Kamis, 03 Agustus 2017

Heartburn In Pregnancy


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Minggu, 30 Juli 2017

Tremor – Hands more in trouble



Tremor – Hands more in trouble

NERVOUS SYSTEM – Tremor – Hands more in trouble
Tremor means shaking or trembling or being unstable. Medically it is termed as paralysis agitans. Even though tremor is a simple and a non-life threatening disorder, it can make one’s mind collapse like the tremor of the earth. The sufferers who just will not be able to hold a cup of coffee to drink or who cannot sign will have that sort of mind. Nature will be appreciated for its coordinated movements when one loses them.
Tremors are shaky involuntary movements (occurring on their own) occurring just like tic, twitch, epilepsy, chorea, dyskinesia, myoclonus, etc. You cannot find a technique to stop it. It can occur in anyone at any time. It may be persistent or occasional, regular or irregular and usually has oscillatory character. It can occur in any part of the body or in the whole body, i.e., head, neck, hands, legs, trunk, tongue, etc. But its effects are more pronounced in the fingers/hands, since they are not always supported like other parts and also used for very fine movements. It may be accompanied by rigidity (tightness of the muscle) or flacidity of muscle.
Commonly, one will tremor when facing a new, tensed situation, unfamiliar circumstance or event, etc, i.e., while going for exam, attending an interview, meeting high officials, hiding the truth, signing important documents, etc. Having tremor at that time makes one feel embarrassed for fear of failure in task execution/skilled performance, even though they know and can do everything. In due course, they will be avoiding those occasions, making themselves functionally disabled or handicapped to that specific task. Most often, youngsters feel tremor as a part and parcel of sexual weakness which has been rewarded to them for their over sexual indulgences. Of course, tremor can alarm. But it need not to be related to that. Tremor occurring in cold temperature, i.e., shivering, is a compensative mechanism of the body to produce heat to combat cold.
Assessment –One would have tremor for very fine movement – like threading a needle, aiming for
a win in games like golf, billiards, carom board, shooting gun, etc. These should be considered as normal just like our oscillating mind. Medically, tremor will be associated with various activities and movements (with and without support), i.e., writing, lifting, touching tip of the nose by index finger of extended hand with closed eyes, standing erect with closed eyes, etc.
Incidences and causes – In olden days, tremor was more commonly seen in elderly people, but nowadays, worries, anxiety, tension, overtime job, sleeplessness pushes even youth to suffer from tremors. Additionally, the habit of stimulants, i.e., coffee, alcohol, smoking, drugs, adds fuel. Also using chemical medicines has this sort of tremor as side-effect. All incidences are seen more in people over the age of 50, irrespective of sex. It can occur due to unstable joints / movements and weakened muscles. Even though tremor can occur in the head, legs, body, vocal cord, etc., its incidences are more in the hands.
Regarding ultimate cause – most often it is found to be multi-dimensional with facets of age,
stress, tension, anxiety, sleeplessness, sugar level, genes, injury, stroke, paralysis, other diseases, etc. In broad spectrum it can be classified as
  • Physiological tremors – that occur in everyone at any time, i.e., due to age, anxiety, fear, fatigue, tension and shouting with anger, lowered sugar levels, dehydration, alcoholism, withdrawal symptoms of alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc. They will go off once the situation or circumstance gets adjusted or with withdrawal of stimulants or drugs.
  • Pathological tremors – occurs due to diseases like diabetes, neurological disorders, thyroid dysfunction, etc.
  • Psychological tremors – are often induced to attract others for betraying their weakness – It will not be there during their sleep and while they are distracted.
  • Essential tremors – are the most common tremors where one cannot find a cause. It may or may not progress to cause difficulty in day-to-day activities. It is more common in adults and often
    misdiagnosed in children.
Pathology – Tremor is supposed to be the oscillation between the coordination of mind and body. Stability and movement is usually carried out by our cerebellum i.e., hind brain. Our body positions are kept informed to the brain by vestibular apparatus in the ear. Scientific evidences have now proved and identified certain specific parts of brain which cause these tremors. They are thalamic nucleus, globus pallidus and basal ganglia. They are collectively called as central (neural) oscillators. Disorders in basal ganglia generate ‘Parkinsonism’. Dysfunction of cerebellum, thalamic nucleus and globus pallidus make other tremors.
Symptoms – usually vary depending upon the nature of disease and age of the sufferer. Commonly:
  • Shaking or vibration or oscillating fingers/hands causing difficulty in performing day-to-day activities like writing, eating, drinking, shaving, dressing, etc.
  • Needs support to stop tremors
  • Stammering speech depending upon the disease caused and parts affected
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Depression and sleeplessness
Types – There are many types of tremors. Its nature, intensity and possibility of cure vary according to the disease or cause. The different types of tremor are
  • Action / intention tremor – occurs while starting / when intending to start / while doing functions / movements. It may be for fine or coarse movements or for specific task
  • Resting tremor – most commonly it will be a symptom of Parkinsonism. Even though it can affect all parts of the body, most often it is noted in hands as pill rolling tremor.
  • Cerebellar tremor – occurs due to alcohol intake, stroke, sclerosis, can be drug induced, etc. It can cause stammering and instability with lack of coordinated movements.
  • Postural or orthostatic tremor – occurs due to instability or weak joint / muscles
  • Familial tremor – are inherited. Here genes play a major role
  • Dystonic tremor – occurs due to impairment in muscle tone. It will usually have betterment by support and rest.
  • Senile tremor – occurs in aged persons
Diagnosis and investigation – Commonly, the patient himself comes with diagnosis or with suspicion of cause for actual complaint (when it is related to his habits or anxiety or tension). But the patient needs to be analysed with CT or MRI scan and EEG (if necessary) to rule out involvement of the brain. Also the patient should go for routine blood tests, urine tests and hormonal assay to analyse anaemia, thyroid dysfunctions, metal poisoning, etc. With detailed case taking or history, laboratory investigations and physical or neurological examinations, the patient can be diagnosed for the specific condition and treatment plan can be aimed at.
Complications – Feeling disabled or handicapped to do specific tasks in spite of having all the body parts makes one depressed. Also in severe cases, difficulty in coping with day-to-day activities makes the sufferer think if it is worth living.
Prevention and management – One needs to monitor stress, sleep, diet, medication and stimulants for preventing as well as managing tremor.
Be
  • Open minded and share your feelings or fears
  • Busy with work or job to forget all sort of illnesses
  • Active and do physical exercises regularly
  • Regular with medications
Avoid
  • Racing against time
  • Circumstances which favour anxiety
  • Overloading brain / mind anticipating trouble
  • Addictives – drinking alcohol / coffee, smoking and drugs
  • Being more cautious about it since it makes the complaint progress
  • Unnecessary medicines
  • Stopping stimulants all of a sudden – better to taper it
General treatment – If tremor occurs only during fine movements, people usually manage by themselves without going for any treatment but if it disturbs day-to-day activities, one will get depressed soon and go for treatment at the earliest. One should be aware that it will be always worth attending a dysfunction in the start-up itself.
Commonly, neurotransmitters blockers or anti-seizure medicines or beta blockers, mild tranquilisers or calcium channel blockers with supplements are prescribed to treat tremors according to the causes. Actually, with treatment, many drugs can help but nothing seems to cure it ultimately. Also side-effects of the drugs can frustrate.
In rare cases, as a last resort, surgery (deep brain stimulation or thalamotomy) will be advised. Even though there are a good number of success stories in these cases, occasional failure or side-effects like loss of speech, paralysis, fatality, etc., make the sufferer think about it in extreme condition only.
Homeopathic approach – Suppressing a tremor can be done by any means, i.e., simple support can suppress the tremor, alcohol can suppress tremor, anti-seizure drugs can suppress tremor, sedative medicines can suppress tremor. But, their dependency, inconvenience, side-effects and increasing dosage in due course makes one seek alternative treatment to get rid of tremors. Stress reduction is crucial to have good effect, but constant suffering makes the sufferer more annoyed and would often increase it. In spite of it all, stress reduction certainly helps in getting out of tremors without side-effects.
With any system of medicine, early treatment is the best; if it is opted very late or in advanced condition, then any system will only be able to reduce it to a limit. Homeopathy is in no way
an exception to this. One would be compelled to accept this. But sometimes, with proper Homeopathy treatment, it can be minimised even to near normal without any side-effects. Selection of Homeopathic medicines usually depends upon the cause of the disease, nature of the illness, its progress and symptoms presentation. Also, the patient needs to be educated about the complaint, need for lifestyle changes (if any) and management, to meet life’s challenges easily without any dejection. Homeopathy can surely ease their condition further by supporting nerves, muscles, brain and coordinating their function for comfortable living.
Homeopathic medicines commonly used in cases of tremors are Agaricus, Ambra grisea, Apis mel, Aur met, Arg nit, Ars alb, Avena sativa, Belladonna, Calc phos, Cannabis indica, Causticum, Damiana, Ferrum phos, Gelsemium, Heloderma, Hyosyamus, Hypericum, Kali phos, Lachesis, Lathyrus, Lycopodium, Natrum mur, Nux vom, Physostigma, Plumbum met, Pulsatilla, Rhus tox, Selenium, Silicea, Stramonium, Strychinum, Tarentula, Valeriana, Zinc met, etc. These Medicines should be taken under the advice and diagnosis of a qualified Homeopath.

for new hope

Dr. S. Chidambaranathan, BHMS, MD (Homeo)
Laxmi Homeo Clinic
24 E. New Mahalipatti Road
Madurai, TN 625 001
India

Tel:  +91-452-233-8833 | +91-984-319-1011 (Mob)
Fax: +91-452-233-0196
E-mail:  drcheena@yahoo.com
www.drcheena.com / www.drcheena.in





(Disclaimer - The contents of this column are for informational purpose only. The content is not intended to be a substitute for professional healthcare advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of healthcare professional for any health problem or medical condition.)

Sabtu, 29 Juli 2017

Back Pain In Early Pregnancy


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Selasa, 25 Juli 2017

SCIENTISTS DISCOVER A NEW SLEEP NODE IN THE BRAIN



A sleep-promoting circuit located deep in the primitive brainstem has revealed how we fall into deep sleep. Discovered by researchers at Harvard School of Medicine and the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, this is only the second "sleep node" identified in the mammalian brain whose activity appears to be both necessary and sufficient to produce deep sleep.

Published online in August in Nature Neuroscience, the study demonstrates that fully half of all of the brain's sleep-promoting activity originates from the parafacial zone (PZ) in the brainstem. The brainstem is a primordial part of the brain that regulates basic functions necessary for survival, such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature.

"The close association of a sleep center with other regions that are critical for life highlights the evolutionary importance of sleep in the brain," says Caroline E. Bass, assistant professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the UB School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and a co-author on the paper.
The researchers found that a specific type of neuron in the PZ that makes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is responsible for deep sleep. They used a set of innovative tools to precisely control these neurons remotely, in essence giving them the ability to turn the neurons on and off at will.
"These new molecular approaches allow unprecedented control over brain function at the cellular level," says Christelle Ancelet, postdoctoral fellow at Harvard School of Medicine. "Before these tools were developed, we often used 'electrical stimulation' to activate a region, but the problem is that doing so stimulates everything the electrode touches and even surrounding areas it didn't. It was a sledgehammer approach, when what we needed was a scalpel."

"To get the precision required for these experiments, we introduced a virus into the PZ that expressed a 'designer' receptor on GABA neurons only but didn't otherwise alter brain function," explains Patrick Fuller, assistant professor at Harvard and senior author on the paper. "When we turned on the GABA neurons in the PZ, the animals quickly fell into a deep sleep without the use of sedatives or sleep aids."
How these neurons interact in the brain with other sleep and wake-promoting brain regions still need to be studied, the researchers say, but eventually these findings may translate into new medications for treating sleep disorders, including insomnia, and the development of better and safer anesthetics.
"We are at a truly transformative point in neuroscience," says Bass, "where the use of designer genes gives us unprecedented ability to control the brain. We can now answer fundamental questions of brain function, which have traditionally been beyond our reach, including the 'why' of sleep, one of the more enduring mysteries in the neurosciences."

The work was funded by the National Institutes of Health.



Minggu, 23 Juli 2017

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Kamis, 20 Juli 2017

PLUCK HAIR IN A SPECIFIC PATTERN TO GROW NEW HAIR



 
If  there's a cure for male pattern baldness, it might hurt a little. A team led by USC Stem Cell Principal Investigator Cheng-Ming Chuong has demonstrated that by plucking 200 hairs in a specific pattern and density, they can induce up to 1,200 replacement hairs to grow in a mouse. These results are published in the April 9 edition of the journal Cell.
It is a good example of how basic research can lead to a work with potential translational value," said Chuong, who is a professor of pathology at the Keck School of Medicine of USC. "The work leads to potential new targets for treating alopecia, a form of hair loss."
The study began a couple of years ago when first author and visiting scholar Chih-Chiang Chen arrived at USC from National Yang-Ming University and Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan. As a dermatologist, Chen knew that hair follicle injury affects its adjacent environment, and the Chuong lab had already established that this environment in turn can influence hair regeneration. Based on this combined knowledge, they reasoned that they might be able to use the environment to activate more follicles.
To test this concept, Chen devised an elegant strategy to pluck 200 hair follicles, one by one, in different configurations on the back of a mouse. When plucking the hairs in a low-density pattern from an area exceeding six millimeters in diameter, no hairs regenerated. However, higher-density plucking from circular areas with diameters between three and five millimeters triggered the regeneration of between 450 and 1,300 hairs, including ones outside of the plucked region.
Working with Arthur D. Lander from the University of California, Irvine, the team showed that this regenerative process relies on the principle of "quorum sensing," which defines how a system responds to stimuli that affect some, but not all members. In this case, quorum sensing underlies how the hair follicle system responds to the plucking of some, but not all hairs.
Through molecular analyses, the team showed that these plucked follicles signal distress by releasing inflammatory proteins, which recruit immune cells to rush to the site of the injury. These immune cells then secrete signaling molecules such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which, at a certain concentration, communicate to both plucked and unplucked follicles that it's time to grow hair.
"The implication of the work is that parallel processes may also exist in the physiological or pathogenic processes of other organs, although they are not as easily observed as hair regeneration," said Chuong.


Rabu, 19 Juli 2017

Freedom in an hour


My desperation for spring greens peaked this afternoon. I thought I was going to implode. So with a little hope I put on my rain jacket, grabbed my scissors and bowl, and took the great liberty of a nomadic hour in the hazy, drizzly day to forage my yard for the first edibles. 

Most of them are hardly picking size, and relatively few are above earth yet. I took it slow, combing back and forth for the little patches reaching up into the rain, long enough to clip. Freshly cool and wet, the vitality radiating from these densely nutritious spring greens is evident even before the first bite. Taking my sweet time to acquire a full bowl, leaf by leaf, is a gift. 

The bitters are not that bitter yet - but rather the perfect amount of bitter, imparting clarity and energy. The dandelions are supremely edible, the garlic mustard a burst of flavor. The bedstraw is succulent and deliciously mild, and the violets are slippery and crisp. Little rosettes of ground ivy add flavor and health, Comfrey shoots add more flavor and softness. My chives are up so they got a haircut too. 

There is scarcely another action, with maybe the exception of homeschooling my children, that gives me quite this level of deep abundance. In one hour I have a bowl of the most nutritious, vital, organic, as-local-as-it-gets, FREE food. The dressing and olives and feta paled in comparison, I may as well eaten the greens without (but the oil and vinegar were herbal infused:), and they help assimilation). 

What's additionally miraculous to me, is that I can do the same thing all over again, every day, for the next two or three months, if I want to. They will just keep growing, and then they will bud, and then flower, and then seed, and make more shoots...... and the simplest miracle of living on Earth I can take into my very body in every moment of gathering and tasting and swallowing. 

The season for foraging is my freedom; my liberty. In fact, it is everybody's liberty. 



Jumat, 14 Juli 2017

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Selasa, 11 Juli 2017

Heartburn In Early Pregnancy


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Barotitis Treatment Of Early Ear Nose Throat Doctor

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Sabtu, 08 Juli 2017

Cramps In Early Pregnancy


Unborn Baby At 10 Weeks

Unborn Baby At 10 Weeks


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Unborn Baby At 10 Weeks

Unborn Baby At 10 Weeks

Poison Ivy Cramps

Poison Ivy Cramps


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SIMPLE METHOD TURNS HUMAN SKIN CELLS IN TO IMMUNE STRENGTHENING WHITE BLOOD CELLS



For the first time, scientists have turned human skin cells into transplantable white blood cells, soldiers of the immune system that fight infections and invaders. The work, done at the Salk Institute, could let researchers create therapies that introduce into the body new white blood cells capable of attacking diseased or cancerous cells or augmenting immune responses against other disorders


The work, as detailed in the journal Stem Cells, shows that only a bit of creative manipulation is needed to turn skin cells into human white blood cells.


"The process is quick and safe in mice," says senior author Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, holder of Salk's Roger Guillemin Chair. "It circumvents long-standing obstacles that have plagued the reprogramming of human cells for therapeutic and regenerative purposes."

Those problems includes the long time -- at least two months -- and tedious laboratory work it takes to produce, characterize and differentiate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, a method commonly used to grow new types of cells. Blood cells derived from iPS cells also have other obstacles: an inability to engraft into organs or bone marrow and a likelihood of developing tumors.

The new method takes just two weeks, does not produce tumors, and engrafts well.
"We tell skin cells to forget what they are and become what we tell them to be -- in this case, white blood cells," says one of the first authors and Salk researcher Ignacio Sancho-Martinez. "Only two biological molecules are needed to induce such cellular memory loss and to direct a new cell fate."

Belmonte's team developed the faster technique (called indirect lineage conversion) and previously demonstrated that these approaches could be used to produce human vascular cells, the ones that line blood vessels. Rather than reversing cells all the way back to a stem cell state before prompting them to turn into something else, such as in the case of iPS cells, the researchers "rewind" skin cells just enough to instruct them to form the more than 200 cell types that constitute the human body.

The technique demonstrated in this study uses a molecule called SOX2 to become somewhat plastic -- the stage of losing their "memory" of being a specific cell type. Then, researchers use a genetic factor called miRNA125b that tells the cells that they are actually white blood cells.

The researchers are now conducting toxicology studies and cell transplantation proof-of-concept studies in advance of potential preclinical and clinical studies.
"It is fair to say that the promise of stem cell transplantation is now closer to realization," Sancho-Martinez says.

Study co-authors include investigators from the Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Spain, and the Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras in Madrid, Spain.

Kamis, 06 Juli 2017

1 1 MILLION HIV INFECTION IN CHILDREN PREVENTED


An estimated 1.1 million human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among children under the age of 15 have been prevented between 2005 and 2013.
According to data released by the UN Children`s Fund (UNICEF) Friday ahead of World AIDS Day, new HIV infections among children has declined by about 40 percent between 2009 and 2013, Xinhua reported.
However, the global goal of reducing the figure by 90 percent is still out of reach, the data said.
The progress has been made through providing more pregnant women living with HIV with services for the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT), such as lifelong HIV treatment which can reduce the transmission of virus to babies and keep their mothers alive.
The sharpest declines took place in eight African countries, including Malawi, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, among others.
However, only 67 percent of pregnant women living with HIV in all low- and middle-income countries received the most effective treatment for PMTCT in 2013.
An estimated 190,000 children under the age of 15 died of AIDS-related causes in 2013 due to lack of treatment.
"If we can avert 1.1 million new HIV infections in children, we can protect every child from HIV but only if we reach every child," UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake said.

"We must close the gap, and invest more in reaching every mother, every newborn, every child and every adolescent with HIV prevention and treatment programmes that can save and improve their lives," Lake added.

Minggu, 18 Juni 2017

HIGH CAFFEINE CAN LOWER EAR RINGING SOUND IN WOMEN



If you are a woman and suffering from ringing or buzzing sound in the ear when there is no outside source of the sounds, increase your tea and coffee intake.
According to new research, women with a higher intake of caffeine had a lower incidence of unexplained ear ringing.
Higher caffeine intake is associated with lower rates of tinnitus in younger and middle-aged women, it added.
The study followed more than 65,000 women. Researchers tracked self-reported results regarding lifestyle and medical history from these women, aged 30 to 44 years and without tinnitus in 1991.
After 18 years of follow up, researchers identified 5,289 cases of reported incident tinnitus.
“We observed a significant inverse association between caffeine intake and the incidence of tinnitus among these women,” said Gary Curhan, a physician-researcher at the Channing Division of Network Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) in Boston, Massachusetts.
Significantly, researchers found that when compared with women with caffeine intake less than 150 milligrams/day (one and a half 8-ounce cups of coffee), the incidence of reported tinnitus was 15 percent lower among those women who consumed 450 to 599 mg/day of caffeine.
The majority of caffeine consumed among the women was from coffee and the results did not vary by age.
“We know that caffeine stimulates the central nervous system and previous research has demonstrated that caffeine has a direct effect on the inner ear in both bench science and animal studies,” Curhan noted.
Researchers note that further evidence is needed to make any recommendations about whether the addition of caffeine would improve tinnitus symptoms.
The research appeared in the journal American Journal of Medicine.

Senin, 12 Juni 2017

HOW LEARNING TO TALK IS IN THE GENES



Researchers have found evidence that genetic factors may contribute to the development of language during infancy

Scientists from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol worked with colleagues around the world to discover a significant link between genetic changes near the ROBO2 gene and the number of words spoken by children in the early stages of language development.

Children produce words at about 10 to 15 months of age and our range of vocabulary expands as we grow -- from around 50 words at 15 to 18 months, 200 words at 18 to 30 months, 14,000 words at six-years-old and then over 50,000 words by the time we leave secondary school.
The researchers found the genetic link during the ages of 15 to 18 months when toddlers typically communicate with single words only before their linguistic skills advance to two-word combinations and more complex grammatical structures.

The results, published in Nature Communications today [16 Sept], shed further light on a specific genetic region on chromosome 3, which has been previously implicated in dyslexia and speech-related disorders.
The ROBO2 gene contains the instructions for making the ROBO2 protein. This protein directs chemicals in brain cells and other neuronal cell formations that may help infants to develop language but also to produce sounds.

The ROBO2 protein also closely interacts with other ROBO proteins that have previously been linked to problems with reading and the storage of speech sounds.
Dr Beate St Pourcain, who jointly led the research with Professor Davey Smith at the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, said: "This research helps us to better understand the genetic factors which may be involved in the early language development in healthy children, particularly at a time when children speak with single words only, and strengthens the link between ROBO proteins and a variety of linguistic skills in humans."

Dr Claire Haworth, one of the lead authors, based at the University of Warwick, commented: "In this study we found that results using DNA confirm those we get from twin studies about the importance of genetic influences for language development. This is good news as it means that current DNA-based investigations can be used to detect most of the genetic factors that contribute to these early language skills."

The study was carried out by an international team of scientists from the EArly Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology Consortium (EAGLE) and involved data from over 10,000 children.